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* that by using ProB we get dynamic programming automatically. | * that by using ProB we get dynamic programming automatically. | ||
=== The Euler Problem 67 === | === The Euler Problem 67 Description === | ||
For convenience,here is the description from the official site of the [https://projecteuler.net/problem=67 Euler Problem 67]: | |||
By starting at the top of the triangle below and moving to adjacent numbers on the row below, the maximum total from top to bottom is 23. | By starting at the top of the triangle below and moving to adjacent numbers on the row below, the maximum total from top to bottom is 23. |
Here we give a solution to the Euler Problem 67. The purpose is to show:
For convenience,here is the description from the official site of the Euler Problem 67:
By starting at the top of the triangle below and moving to adjacent numbers on the row below, the maximum total from top to bottom is 23.
3 7 4 2 4 6 8 5 9 3
That is, 3 + 7 + 4 + 9 = 23.
Find the maximum total from top to bottom in triangle.txt (right click and 'Save Link/Target As...'), a 15K text file containing a triangle with one-hundred rows.
NOTE: This is a much more difficult version of Problem 18. It is not possible to try every route to solve this problem, as there are 299 altogether! If you could check one trillion (1012) routes every second it would take over twenty billion years to check them all. There is an efficient algorithm to solve it. ;o)
Solution in B, where data is held in file triangle_Euler67.def:
MACHINE Euler_Problem_067 DEFINITIONS "triangle_Euler67.def"; SET_PREF_TIME_OUT == 5000 CONSTANTS n, Sol, OptimalSolution, TriangleC PROPERTIES TriangleC = Triangle & n = size (TriangleC) & Sol : 1..n --> seq(INTEGER) & Sol(n) = TriangleC(n) /* Initialisation */ & ! i. (i:1..(n-1) => (size(Sol(i)) = size(TriangleC(i)) & !j.(j: 1..size(TriangleC(i)) => Sol(i)(j) = TriangleC(i)(j)+max({Sol(i+1)(j),Sol(i+1)(j+1)})) ) ) & OptimalSolution = Sol(1)(1) ASSERTIONS OptimalSolution = 7273; n = 100 END
Solved on a MacBook Air 1.7 GHz using ProB 1.4.0rc2 in 2.4 seconds.
Interesting fact: dynamic programming done automatically by ProB's constraint solving. In the Fibonacci Numbers with Automatic Dynamic Programming page we explain this in a simpler example.
A picat solution is also available. Compared to our solution, in the Picat solution the order of computation is directly encoded in the Picat program. Here, ProB has to infer the order of computation itself; this obviously comes at a performance price compared to a more imperative encoding of the problem.
Time could be improved by enforcing proper order (e.g., by putting the computation of rows into B operations and use model checking or animation to solve the problem).
Contents of the definition file triangle_Euler67.def are:
DEFINITIONS Triangle == [ [59], [73, 41], [52, 40, 09], [26, 53, 06, 34], [10, 51, 87, 86, 81], [61, 95, 66, 57, 25, 68], [90, 81, 80, 38, 92, 67, 73], [30, 28, 51, 76, 81, 18, 75, 44], [84, 14, 95, 87, 62, 81, 17, 78, 58], [21, 46, 71, 58, 02, 79, 62, 39, 31, 09], [56, 34, 35, 53, 78, 31, 81, 18, 90, 93, 15], [78, 53, 04, 21, 84, 93, 32, 13, 97, 11, 37, 51], [45, 03, 81, 79, 05, 18, 78, 86, 13, 30, 63, 99, 95], [39, 87, 96, 28, 03, 38, 42, 17, 82, 87, 58, 07, 22, 57], [06, 17, 51, 17, 07, 93, 09, 07, 75, 97, 95, 78, 87, 08, 53], [67, 66, 59, 60, 88, 99, 94, 65, 55, 77, 55, 34, 27, 53, 78, 28], [76, 40, 41, 04, 87, 16, 09, 42, 75, 69, 23, 97, 30, 60, 10, 79, 87], [12, 10, 44, 26, 21, 36, 32, 84, 98, 60, 13, 12, 36, 16, 63, 31, 91, 35], [70, 39, 06, 05, 55, 27, 38, 48, 28, 22, 34, 35, 62, 62, 15, 14, 94, 89, 86], [66, 56, 68, 84, 96, 21, 34, 34, 34, 81, 62, 40, 65, 54, 62, 05, 98, 03, 02, 60], [38, 89, 46, 37, 99, 54, 34, 53, 36, 14, 70, 26, 02, 90, 45, 13, 31, 61, 83, 73, 47], [36, 10, 63, 96, 60, 49, 41, 05, 37, 42, 14, 58, 84, 93, 96, 17, 09, 43, 05, 43, 06, 59], [66, 57, 87, 57, 61, 28, 37, 51, 84, 73, 79, 15, 39, 95, 88, 87, 43, 39, 11, 86, 77, 74, 18], [54, 42, 05, 79, 30, 49, 99, 73, 46, 37, 50, 02, 45, 09, 54, 52, 27, 95, 27, 65, 19, 45, 26, 45], [71, 39, 17, 78, 76, 29, 52, 90, 18, 99, 78, 19, 35, 62, 71, 19, 23, 65, 93, 85, 49, 33, 75, 09, 02], [33, 24, 47, 61, 60, 55, 32, 88, 57, 55, 91, 54, 46, 57, 07, 77, 98, 52, 80, 99, 24, 25, 46, 78, 79, 05], [92, 09, 13, 55, 10, 67, 26, 78, 76, 82, 63, 49, 51, 31, 24, 68, 05, 57, 07, 54, 69, 21, 67, 43, 17, 63, 12], [24, 59, 06, 08, 98, 74, 66, 26, 61, 60, 13, 03, 09, 09, 24, 30, 71, 08, 88, 70, 72, 70, 29, 90, 11, 82, 41, 34], [66, 82, 67, 04, 36, 60, 92, 77, 91, 85, 62, 49, 59, 61, 30, 90, 29, 94, 26, 41, 89, 04, 53, 22, 83, 41, 09, 74, 90], [48, 28, 26, 37, 28, 52, 77, 26, 51, 32, 18, 98, 79, 36, 62, 13, 17, 08, 19, 54, 89, 29, 73, 68, 42, 14, 08, 16, 70, 37], [37, 60, 69, 70, 72, 71, 09, 59, 13, 60, 38, 13, 57, 36, 09, 30, 43, 89, 30, 39, 15, 02, 44, 73, 05, 73, 26, 63, 56, 86, 12], [55, 55, 85, 50, 62, 99, 84, 77, 28, 85, 03, 21, 27, 22, 19, 26, 82, 69, 54, 04, 13, 07, 85, 14, 01, 15, 70, 59, 89, 95, 10, 19], [04, 09, 31, 92, 91, 38, 92, 86, 98, 75, 21, 05, 64, 42, 62, 84, 36, 20, 73, 42, 21, 23, 22, 51, 51, 79, 25, 45, 85, 53, 03, 43, 22], [75, 63, 02, 49, 14, 12, 89, 14, 60, 78, 92, 16, 44, 82, 38, 30, 72, 11, 46, 52, 90, 27, 08, 65, 78, 03, 85, 41, 57, 79, 39, 52, 33, 48], [78, 27, 56, 56, 39, 13, 19, 43, 86, 72, 58, 95, 39, 07, 04, 34, 21, 98, 39, 15, 39, 84, 89, 69, 84, 46, 37, 57, 59, 35, 59, 50, 26, 15, 93], [42, 89, 36, 27, 78, 91, 24, 11, 17, 41, 05, 94, 07, 69, 51, 96, 03, 96, 47, 90, 90, 45, 91, 20, 50, 56, 10, 32, 36, 49, 04, 53, 85, 92, 25, 65], [52, 09, 61, 30, 61, 97, 66, 21, 96, 92, 98, 90, 06, 34, 96, 60, 32, 69, 68, 33, 75, 84, 18, 31, 71, 50, 84, 63, 03, 03, 19, 11, 28, 42, 75, 45, 45], [61, 31, 61, 68, 96, 34, 49, 39, 05, 71, 76, 59, 62, 67, 06, 47, 96, 99, 34, 21, 32, 47, 52, 07, 71, 60, 42, 72, 94, 56, 82, 83, 84, 40, 94, 87, 82, 46], [01, 20, 60, 14, 17, 38, 26, 78, 66, 81, 45, 95, 18, 51, 98, 81, 48, 16, 53, 88, 37, 52, 69, 95, 72, 93, 22, 34, 98, 20, 54, 27, 73, 61, 56, 63, 60, 34, 63], [93, 42, 94, 83, 47, 61, 27, 51, 79, 79, 45, 01, 44, 73, 31, 70, 83, 42, 88, 25, 53, 51, 30, 15, 65, 94, 80, 44, 61, 84, 12, 77, 02, 62, 02, 65, 94, 42, 14, 94], [32, 73, 09, 67, 68, 29, 74, 98, 10, 19, 85, 48, 38, 31, 85, 67, 53, 93, 93, 77, 47, 67, 39, 72, 94, 53, 18, 43, 77, 40, 78, 32, 29, 59, 24, 06, 02, 83, 50, 60, 66], [32, 01, 44, 30, 16, 51, 15, 81, 98, 15, 10, 62, 86, 79, 50, 62, 45, 60, 70, 38, 31, 85, 65, 61, 64, 06, 69, 84, 14, 22, 56, 43, 09, 48, 66, 69, 83, 91, 60, 40, 36, 61], [92, 48, 22, 99, 15, 95, 64, 43, 01, 16, 94, 02, 99, 19, 17, 69, 11, 58, 97, 56, 89, 31, 77, 45, 67, 96, 12, 73, 08, 20, 36, 47, 81, 44, 50, 64, 68, 85, 40, 81, 85, 52, 09], [91, 35, 92, 45, 32, 84, 62, 15, 19, 64, 21, 66, 06, 01, 52, 80, 62, 59, 12, 25, 88, 28, 91, 50, 40, 16, 22, 99, 92, 79, 87, 51, 21, 77, 74, 77, 07, 42, 38, 42, 74, 83, 02, 05], [46, 19, 77, 66, 24, 18, 05, 32, 02, 84, 31, 99, 92, 58, 96, 72, 91, 36, 62, 99, 55, 29, 53, 42, 12, 37, 26, 58, 89, 50, 66, 19, 82, 75, 12, 48, 24, 87, 91, 85, 02, 07, 03, 76, 86], [99, 98, 84, 93, 07, 17, 33, 61, 92, 20, 66, 60, 24, 66, 40, 30, 67, 05, 37, 29, 24, 96, 03, 27, 70, 62, 13, 04, 45, 47, 59, 88, 43, 20, 66, 15, 46, 92, 30, 04, 71, 66, 78, 70, 53, 99], [67, 60, 38, 06, 88, 04, 17, 72, 10, 99, 71, 07, 42, 25, 54, 05, 26, 64, 91, 50, 45, 71, 06, 30, 67, 48, 69, 82, 08, 56, 80, 67, 18, 46, 66, 63, 01, 20, 08, 80, 47, 07, 91, 16, 03, 79, 87], [18, 54, 78, 49, 80, 48, 77, 40, 68, 23, 60, 88, 58, 80, 33, 57, 11, 69, 55, 53, 64, 02, 94, 49, 60, 92, 16, 35, 81, 21, 82, 96, 25, 24, 96, 18, 02, 05, 49, 03, 50, 77, 06, 32, 84, 27, 18, 38], [68, 01, 50, 04, 03, 21, 42, 94, 53, 24, 89, 05, 92, 26, 52, 36, 68, 11, 85, 01, 04, 42, 02, 45, 15, 06, 50, 04, 53, 73, 25, 74, 81, 88, 98, 21, 67, 84, 79, 97, 99, 20, 95, 04, 40, 46, 02, 58, 87], [94, 10, 02, 78, 88, 52, 21, 03, 88, 60, 06, 53, 49, 71, 20, 91, 12, 65, 07, 49, 21, 22, 11, 41, 58, 99, 36, 16, 09, 48, 17, 24, 52, 36, 23, 15, 72, 16, 84, 56, 02, 99, 43, 76, 81, 71, 29, 39, 49, 17], [64, 39, 59, 84, 86, 16, 17, 66, 03, 09, 43, 06, 64, 18, 63, 29, 68, 06, 23, 07, 87, 14, 26, 35, 17, 12, 98, 41, 53, 64, 78, 18, 98, 27, 28, 84, 80, 67, 75, 62, 10, 11, 76, 90, 54, 10, 05, 54, 41, 39, 66], [43, 83, 18, 37, 32, 31, 52, 29, 95, 47, 08, 76, 35, 11, 04, 53, 35, 43, 34, 10, 52, 57, 12, 36, 20, 39, 40, 55, 78, 44, 07, 31, 38, 26, 08, 15, 56, 88, 86, 01, 52, 62, 10, 24, 32, 05, 60, 65, 53, 28, 57, 99], [03, 50, 03, 52, 07, 73, 49, 92, 66, 80, 01, 46, 08, 67, 25, 36, 73, 93, 07, 42, 25, 53, 13, 96, 76, 83, 87, 90, 54, 89, 78, 22, 78, 91, 73, 51, 69, 09, 79, 94, 83, 53, 09, 40, 69, 62, 10, 79, 49, 47, 03, 81, 30], [71, 54, 73, 33, 51, 76, 59, 54, 79, 37, 56, 45, 84, 17, 62, 21, 98, 69, 41, 95, 65, 24, 39, 37, 62, 03, 24, 48, 54, 64, 46, 82, 71, 78, 33, 67, 09, 16, 96, 68, 52, 74, 79, 68, 32, 21, 13, 78, 96, 60, 09, 69, 20, 36], [73, 26, 21, 44, 46, 38, 17, 83, 65, 98, 07, 23, 52, 46, 61, 97, 33, 13, 60, 31, 70, 15, 36, 77, 31, 58, 56, 93, 75, 68, 21, 36, 69, 53, 90, 75, 25, 82, 39, 50, 65, 94, 29, 30, 11, 33, 11, 13, 96, 02, 56, 47, 07, 49, 02], [76, 46, 73, 30, 10, 20, 60, 70, 14, 56, 34, 26, 37, 39, 48, 24, 55, 76, 84, 91, 39, 86, 95, 61, 50, 14, 53, 93, 64, 67, 37, 31, 10, 84, 42, 70, 48, 20, 10, 72, 60, 61, 84, 79, 69, 65, 99, 73, 89, 25, 85, 48, 92, 56, 97, 16], [03, 14, 80, 27, 22, 30, 44, 27, 67, 75, 79, 32, 51, 54, 81, 29, 65, 14, 19, 04, 13, 82, 04, 91, 43, 40, 12, 52, 29, 99, 07, 76, 60, 25, 01, 07, 61, 71, 37, 92, 40, 47, 99, 66, 57, 01, 43, 44, 22, 40, 53, 53, 09, 69, 26, 81, 07], [49, 80, 56, 90, 93, 87, 47, 13, 75, 28, 87, 23, 72, 79, 32, 18, 27, 20, 28, 10, 37, 59, 21, 18, 70, 04, 79, 96, 03, 31, 45, 71, 81, 06, 14, 18, 17, 05, 31, 50, 92, 79, 23, 47, 09, 39, 47, 91, 43, 54, 69, 47, 42, 95, 62, 46, 32, 85], [37, 18, 62, 85, 87, 28, 64, 05, 77, 51, 47, 26, 30, 65, 05, 70, 65, 75, 59, 80, 42, 52, 25, 20, 44, 10, 92, 17, 71, 95, 52, 14, 77, 13, 24, 55, 11, 65, 26, 91, 01, 30, 63, 15, 49, 48, 41, 17, 67, 47, 03, 68, 20, 90, 98, 32, 04, 40, 68], [90, 51, 58, 60, 06, 55, 23, 68, 05, 19, 76, 94, 82, 36, 96, 43, 38, 90, 87, 28, 33, 83, 05, 17, 70, 83, 96, 93, 06, 04, 78, 47, 80, 06, 23, 84, 75, 23, 87, 72, 99, 14, 50, 98, 92, 38, 90, 64, 61, 58, 76, 94, 36, 66, 87, 80, 51, 35, 61, 38], [57, 95, 64, 06, 53, 36, 82, 51, 40, 33, 47, 14, 07, 98, 78, 65, 39, 58, 53, 06, 50, 53, 04, 69, 40, 68, 36, 69, 75, 78, 75, 60, 03, 32, 39, 24, 74, 47, 26, 90, 13, 40, 44, 71, 90, 76, 51, 24, 36, 50, 25, 45, 70, 80, 61, 80, 61, 43, 90, 64, 11], [18, 29, 86, 56, 68, 42, 79, 10, 42, 44, 30, 12, 96, 18, 23, 18, 52, 59, 02, 99, 67, 46, 60, 86, 43, 38, 55, 17, 44, 93, 42, 21, 55, 14, 47, 34, 55, 16, 49, 24, 23, 29, 96, 51, 55, 10, 46, 53, 27, 92, 27, 46, 63, 57, 30, 65, 43, 27, 21, 20, 24, 83], [81, 72, 93, 19, 69, 52, 48, 01, 13, 83, 92, 69, 20, 48, 69, 59, 20, 62, 05, 42, 28, 89, 90, 99, 32, 72, 84, 17, 08, 87, 36, 03, 60, 31, 36, 36, 81, 26, 97, 36, 48, 54, 56, 56, 27, 16, 91, 08, 23, 11, 87, 99, 33, 47, 02, 14, 44, 73, 70, 99, 43, 35, 33], [90, 56, 61, 86, 56, 12, 70, 59, 63, 32, 01, 15, 81, 47, 71, 76, 95, 32, 65, 80, 54, 70, 34, 51, 40, 45, 33, 04, 64, 55, 78, 68, 88, 47, 31, 47, 68, 87, 03, 84, 23, 44, 89, 72, 35, 08, 31, 76, 63, 26, 90, 85, 96, 67, 65, 91, 19, 14, 17, 86, 04, 71, 32, 95], [37, 13, 04, 22, 64, 37, 37, 28, 56, 62, 86, 33, 07, 37, 10, 44, 52, 82, 52, 06, 19, 52, 57, 75, 90, 26, 91, 24, 06, 21, 14, 67, 76, 30, 46, 14, 35, 89, 89, 41, 03, 64, 56, 97, 87, 63, 22, 34, 03, 79, 17, 45, 11, 53, 25, 56, 96, 61, 23, 18, 63, 31, 37, 37, 47], [77, 23, 26, 70, 72, 76, 77, 04, 28, 64, 71, 69, 14, 85, 96, 54, 95, 48, 06, 62, 99, 83, 86, 77, 97, 75, 71, 66, 30, 19, 57, 90, 33, 01, 60, 61, 14, 12, 90, 99, 32, 77, 56, 41, 18, 14, 87, 49, 10, 14, 90, 64, 18, 50, 21, 74, 14, 16, 88, 05, 45, 73, 82, 47, 74, 44], [22, 97, 41, 13, 34, 31, 54, 61, 56, 94, 03, 24, 59, 27, 98, 77, 04, 09, 37, 40, 12, 26, 87, 09, 71, 70, 07, 18, 64, 57, 80, 21, 12, 71, 83, 94, 60, 39, 73, 79, 73, 19, 97, 32, 64, 29, 41, 07, 48, 84, 85, 67, 12, 74, 95, 20, 24, 52, 41, 67, 56, 61, 29, 93, 35, 72, 69], [72, 23, 63, 66, 01, 11, 07, 30, 52, 56, 95, 16, 65, 26, 83, 90, 50, 74, 60, 18, 16, 48, 43, 77, 37, 11, 99, 98, 30, 94, 91, 26, 62, 73, 45, 12, 87, 73, 47, 27, 01, 88, 66, 99, 21, 41, 95, 80, 02, 53, 23, 32, 61, 48, 32, 43, 43, 83, 14, 66, 95, 91, 19, 81, 80, 67, 25, 88], [08, 62, 32, 18, 92, 14, 83, 71, 37, 96, 11, 83, 39, 99, 05, 16, 23, 27, 10, 67, 02, 25, 44, 11, 55, 31, 46, 64, 41, 56, 44, 74, 26, 81, 51, 31, 45, 85, 87, 09, 81, 95, 22, 28, 76, 69, 46, 48, 64, 87, 67, 76, 27, 89, 31, 11, 74, 16, 62, 03, 60, 94, 42, 47, 09, 34, 94, 93, 72], [56, 18, 90, 18, 42, 17, 42, 32, 14, 86, 06, 53, 33, 95, 99, 35, 29, 15, 44, 20, 49, 59, 25, 54, 34, 59, 84, 21, 23, 54, 35, 90, 78, 16, 93, 13, 37, 88, 54, 19, 86, 67, 68, 55, 66, 84, 65, 42, 98, 37, 87, 56, 33, 28, 58, 38, 28, 38, 66, 27, 52, 21, 81, 15, 08, 22, 97, 32, 85, 27], [91, 53, 40, 28, 13, 34, 91, 25, 01, 63, 50, 37, 22, 49, 71, 58, 32, 28, 30, 18, 68, 94, 23, 83, 63, 62, 94, 76, 80, 41, 90, 22, 82, 52, 29, 12, 18, 56, 10, 08, 35, 14, 37, 57, 23, 65, 67, 40, 72, 39, 93, 39, 70, 89, 40, 34, 07, 46, 94, 22, 20, 05, 53, 64, 56, 30, 05, 56, 61, 88, 27], [23, 95, 11, 12, 37, 69, 68, 24, 66, 10, 87, 70, 43, 50, 75, 07, 62, 41, 83, 58, 95, 93, 89, 79, 45, 39, 02, 22, 05, 22, 95, 43, 62, 11, 68, 29, 17, 40, 26, 44, 25, 71, 87, 16, 70, 85, 19, 25, 59, 94, 90, 41, 41, 80, 61, 70, 55, 60, 84, 33, 95, 76, 42, 63, 15, 09, 03, 40, 38, 12, 03, 32], [09, 84, 56, 80, 61, 55, 85, 97, 16, 94, 82, 94, 98, 57, 84, 30, 84, 48, 93, 90, 71, 05, 95, 90, 73, 17, 30, 98, 40, 64, 65, 89, 07, 79, 09, 19, 56, 36, 42, 30, 23, 69, 73, 72, 07, 05, 27, 61, 24, 31, 43, 48, 71, 84, 21, 28, 26, 65, 65, 59, 65, 74, 77, 20, 10, 81, 61, 84, 95, 08, 52, 23, 70], [47, 81, 28, 09, 98, 51, 67, 64, 35, 51, 59, 36, 92, 82, 77, 65, 80, 24, 72, 53, 22, 07, 27, 10, 21, 28, 30, 22, 48, 82, 80, 48, 56, 20, 14, 43, 18, 25, 50, 95, 90, 31, 77, 08, 09, 48, 44, 80, 90, 22, 93, 45, 82, 17, 13, 96, 25, 26, 08, 73, 34, 99, 06, 49, 24, 06, 83, 51, 40, 14, 15, 10, 25, 01], [54, 25, 10, 81, 30, 64, 24, 74, 75, 80, 36, 75, 82, 60, 22, 69, 72, 91, 45, 67, 03, 62, 79, 54, 89, 74, 44, 83, 64, 96, 66, 73, 44, 30, 74, 50, 37, 05, 09, 97, 70, 01, 60, 46, 37, 91, 39, 75, 75, 18, 58, 52, 72, 78, 51, 81, 86, 52, 08, 97, 01, 46, 43, 66, 98, 62, 81, 18, 70, 93, 73, 08, 32, 46, 34], [96, 80, 82, 07, 59, 71, 92, 53, 19, 20, 88, 66, 03, 26, 26, 10, 24, 27, 50, 82, 94, 73, 63, 08, 51, 33, 22, 45, 19, 13, 58, 33, 90, 15, 22, 50, 36, 13, 55, 06, 35, 47, 82, 52, 33, 61, 36, 27, 28, 46, 98, 14, 73, 20, 73, 32, 16, 26, 80, 53, 47, 66, 76, 38, 94, 45, 02, 01, 22, 52, 47, 96, 64, 58, 52, 39], [88, 46, 23, 39, 74, 63, 81, 64, 20, 90, 33, 33, 76, 55, 58, 26, 10, 46, 42, 26, 74, 74, 12, 83, 32, 43, 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