P & Q conjunction P or Q disjunction P => Q implication P <=> Q equivalence not P negation !(x).(P=>Q) universal quantification #(x).(P&Q) existential quantification
Above, P and Q stand for predicates. Inside the universal quantification, P must give a value type to the quantified variable. Note: you can also introduce multiple variables inside a universal or existential quantification, e.g., !(x,y).(P => Q).
E = F equality E /= F disequality
TRUE
FALSE
BOOL set of boolean values ({TRUE,FALSE})
bool(P) convert predicate into BOOL value
Warning: TRUE and FALSE are values and not predicates in B and cannot be combined using logical connectives. To combine two boolean values x and y using conjunction you have to write x=TRUE & y=TRUE. To convert a predicate such as z>0 into a boolean value you have to use bool(z>0).
{} empty set
{E} singleton set
{E,F} set enumeration
{x|P} comprehension set
POW(S) power set
POW1(S) set of non-empty subsets
FIN(S) set of all finite subsets
FIN1(S) set of all non-empty finite subsets
card(S) cardinality
S*T cartesian product
S\/T set union
S/\T set intersection
S-T set difference
E:S element of
E/:S not element of
S<:T subset of
S/<:T not subset of
S<<:T strict subset of
S/<<:T not strict subset of
union(S) generalised union over sets of sets
inter(S) generalised intersection over sets of sets
UNION(z).(P|E) generalised union with predicate
INTER(z).(P|E) generalised intersection with predicate
INTEGER set of integers NATURAL set of natural numbers NATURAL1 set of non-zero natural numbers INT set of implementable integers (MININT..MAXINT) NAT set of implementable natural numbers NAT1 set of non-zero implementable natural numbers n..m set of numbers from n to m MININT the minimum implementable integer MAXINT the maximum implementable integer m>n greater than m<n less than m>=n greater than or equal m<=n less than or equal max(S) maximum of a set of numbers min(S) minimum of a set of numbers m+n addition m-n difference m*n multiplication m/n division m**n power m mod n remainder of division PI(z).(P|E) Set product SIGMA(z).(P|E) Set summation succ(n) successor (n+1) pred(n) predecessor (n-1) 0xH hexadecimal literal, where H is a sequence of letters in [0-9A-Fa-f]
S<->T relation
S<<->T total relation
S<->>T surjective relation
S<<->>T total surjective relation
E|->F maplet
dom(r) domain of relation
ran(r) range of relation
id(S) identity relation
S<|r domain restriction
S<<|r domain subtraction
r|>S range restriction
r|>>S range subtraction
r~ inverse of relation
r[S] relational image
r1<+r2 relational overriding (r2 overrides r1)
r1><r2 direct product {x,(y,z) | x,y:r1 & x,z:r2}
(r1;r2) relational composition {x,y| x|->z:r1 & z|->y:r2}
(r1||r2) parallel product {((x,v),(y,w)) | x,y:r1 & v,w:r2}
prj1(S,T) projection function (usage prj1(Dom,Ran)(Pair))
prj2(S,T) projection function (usage prj2(Dom,Ran)(Pair))
closure1(r) transitive closure
closure(r) reflexive & transitive closure
(non-standard version: closure({}) = {}; see iterate(r,0) below)
iterate(r,n) iteration of r with n>=0
(Note: iterate(r,0) = id(s) where s = dom(r)\/ran(r))
fnc(r) translate relation A<->B into function A+->POW(B)
rel(r) translate relation A<->POW(B) into relation A<->B
S+->T partial function S-->T total function S+->>T partial surjection S-->>T total surjection S>+>T partial injection S>->T total injection S>+>>T partial bijection S>->>T total bijection %x.(P|E) lambda abstraction f(E) function application f(E1,...,En) is now supported (as well as f(E1|->E2))
<> or [] empty sequence [E] singleton sequence [E,F] constructed sequence seq(S) set of sequences over Sequence seq1(S) set of non-empty sequences over S iseq(S) set of injective sequences iseq1(S) set of non-empty injective sequences perm(S) set of bijective sequences (permutations) size(s) size of sequence s^t concatenation E->s prepend element s<-E append element rev(s) reverse of sequence first(s) first element last(s) last element front(s) front of sequence (all but last element) tail(s) tail of sequence (all but first element) conc(S) concatenation of sequence of sequences s/|\n take first n elements of sequence s\|/n drop first n elements from sequence
struct(ID:S,...,ID:S) set of records with given fields and field types rec(ID:E,...,ID:E) construct a record with given field names and values E'ID get value of field with name ID
"astring" a specific (single-line) string value
'''astring''' an alternate way of writing (multi-line) strings, no need to escape "
STRING the set of all strings
Note: for the moment enumeration of strings is limited (if a variable
of type STRING is not given a value by the machine, then ProB assumes
STRING = { "STR1", "STR2" })
Atelier-B does not support any operations on strings, apart from equality and disequality. However, the ProB external function library contains several operators on strings. ProB also allows multi-line strings. As of version 1.7.0, ProB will support the following escape sequences within strings:
\n newline (ASCII character 13) \r carriage return (ASCII 10) \t tab (ASCII 9) \" the double quote symbol " \' the single quote symbol ' \\ the backslash symbol
Within single-line string literals, you do not need to escape '. Within multi-line string literals, you do not need to escape " and you can use tabs and newlines. ProB assumes that all B machines and strings use the UTF-8 encoding.
The library LibraryStrings.def in stdlib contains additional useful external functions (like TO_STRING, STRING_SPLIT, FORMAT_TO_STRING, INT_TO_HEX_STRING, ...). Some of the sequence operators work also on strings:
size(s) the length of a string s rev(s) the reverse a string s s ^ t the concatenation of two strings conc(ss) the concatenation of a sequence of strings
You can turn this support off using the STRING_AS_SEQUENCE preference.
Nodes in the tree are denoted by index sequences (branches), e.g, n=[1,2,1] Each node in the tree is labelled with an element from a domain S A tree is a function mapping of branches to elements of the domain S.
tree(S) set of trees over domain S btree(S) set of binary trees over domain S top(t) top of a tree const(E,s) construct a tree from info E and sequence of subtrees s rank(t,n) rank of the node at end of branch n in the tree t father(t,n) father of the node denoted by branch n in the tree t son(t,n,i) the ith son of the node denoted by branch n in tree t sons(t) the sequence of sons of the root of the tree t subtree(t,n) arity(t,n) bin(E) construct a binary tree with a single node E bin(tl,E,tr) construct a binary tree with root info E and subtrees tl,tr left(t) the left (first) son of the root of the binary tree t right(t) the right (last) son of the root of the binary tree t sizet(t) the size of the tree (number of nodes) prefix(t) the nodes of the tree t in prefix order postfix(t) the nodes of the tree t in prefix order mirror, infix are recognised by the parser but not yet supported by ProB itself
ProB allows the following for predicates and expressions:
IF P THEN E1 ELSE E2 END conditional for expressions or predicates E1,E2 LET x1,... BE x1=E1 & ... IN E END
Note: the expressions E1,... defining x1,... are not allowed to use x1,...
skip no operation x := E assignment f(x) := E functional override x :: S choice from set x : (P) choice by predicate P (constraining x) x <-- OP(x) call operation and assign return value G||H parallel substitution** G;H sequential composition** ANY x,... WHERE P THEN G END non deterministic choice LET x,... BE x=E & ... IN G END VAR x,... IN G END generate local variables PRE P THEN G END ASSERT P THEN G END CHOICE G OR H END IF P THEN G END IF P THEN G ELSE H END IF P1 THEN G1 ELSIF P2 THEN G2 ... END IF P1 THEN G1 ELSIF P2 THEN G2 ... ELSE Gn END SELECT P THEN G WHEN ... WHEN Q THEN H END SELECT P THEN G WHEN ... WHEN Q THEN H ELSE I END CASE E OF EITHER m THEN G OR n THEN H ... END END CASE E OF EITHER m THEN G OR n THEN H ... ELSE I END END WHEN P THEN G END is a synonym for SELECT P THEN G END **: cannot be used at the top-level of an operation, but needs to be wrapped inside a BEGIN END or another statement (to avoid problems with the operators ; and ||).
MACHINE or REFINEMENT or IMPLEMENTATION
Note: machine parameters can either be SETS (if identifier is all upper-case)
or scalars (i.e., integer, boolean or SET element; if identifier is not
all upper-case; typing must be provided be CONSTRAINTS)
You can also use MODEL or SYSTEM as a synonym for MACHINE, as well
as EVENTS as a synonym for OPERATIONS.
CONSTRAINTS P (logical predicate)
SETS S;T={e1,e2,...};...
CONSTANTS x,y,...
CONCRETE_CONSTANTS cx,cy,...
PROPERTIES P (logical predicate)
DEFINITIONS m(x,...) == BODY;....
VARIABLES x,y,...
CONCRETE_VARIABLES cv,cw,...
INVARIANT P (logical predicate)
ASSERTIONS P;...;P (list of logical predicates separated by ;)
INITIALISATION
OPERATIONS
USES list of machines INCLUDES list of machines SEES list of machines EXTENDS list of machines PROMOTES list of operations REFINES machine
Note: Refinement machines should express the operation preconditions in terms of their own variables.
NAME1 == Expression; Definition without arguments NAME2(ID,...,ID) == E2; Definition with arguments
"FILE.def"; Include definitions from file
There are a few Definitions which can be used to influence the animator:
There are a few specific definitions which can be used to influence ProB:
GOAL == P to define a custom Goal predicate for Model Checking
(the Goal is also set by using "Advanced Find...")
SCOPE == P to limit the search space to "interesting" nodes
scope_SETNAME == n..n to define custom cardinality for set SETNAME
scope_SETNAME == n equivalent to 1..n
SET_PREF_MININT == n
SET_PREF_MAXINT == n
SET_PREF_MAX_INITIALISATIONS == n max. number of intialisations computed
SET_PREF_MAX_OPERATIONS == n max. number of enablings per operation computed
SET_PREF_SYMBOLIC == TRUE/FALSE
SET_PREF_TIME_OUT == n time out for operation computation in ms
ASSERT_LTL... == "LTL Formula" using X,F,G,U,R LTL operators +
Y,O,H,S Past-LTL operators +
atomic propositions: e(OpName), [OpName], {BPredicate}
The following definitions allow providing a custom state visualization:
ANIMATION_FUNCTIONn == e a function (INT*INT) +-> INT or an INT
ANIMATION_FUNCTION_DEFAULT == e a function (INT*INT) +-> INT or an INT
instead of any INT above you can also use BOOL or any SET
as a result you can also use STRING values,
or even other values which are pretty printed
ANIMATION_IMGn == "PATH to .gif" a path to a gif file
ANIMATION_STRn == "sometext" a string without spaces;
the result integer n will be rendered as a string
ANIMATION_STR_JUSTIFY_LEFT == TRUE computes the longest string in the outputs and pads
the other strings accordingly
SET_PREF_TK_CUSTOM_STATE_VIEW_PADDING == n additional padding between images in pixels
SET_PREF_TK_CUSTOM_STATE_VIEW_STRING_PADDING == n additional padding between text in pixels
The following definitions allow providing a custom state graph:
CUSTOM_GRAPH_NODESn == e define a set of nodes to be shown,
nodes can also be pairs (node,colour) or triples (node,shape,colour)
colours are strings of valid Dot/Tk colors (e.g., "maroon" or "red")
shapes are strings of valid Dot shapes (e.g., "rect" or "hexagon")
CUSTOM_GRAPH_EDGESn == e define a relation to be shown
edges can either be pairs (node1,node2) or triples (node1,label,node2)
where label is either a Dot/Tk color or a string or value representing
the label to be used for the edges
In both cases e can also be a record which defines default dot attributes like color, shape, style and description, e.g., rec(color:"red", style:"dotted", edges:Expression).
B supports two styles of comments: /* ... */ block comments // ... line comments
ProB recognises several pragma comments of the form /*@ PRAGMA VALUE */ The whitespace between @ and PRAGMA is optional.
/*@symbolic */ put before comprehension set or lambda to instruct ProB
to keep it symbolic and not try to compute it explicitly
/*@label LBL */ associates a label LBL with the following predicate
(LBL must be identifier or a string "....")
/*@desc DESC */ associates a description DESC with the preceding predicate or
introduced identifier (in VARIABLES, CONSTANTS,... section)
There are two special descriptions
/*@desc memo*/ to be put after identifiers in the ABSTRACT_CONSTANTS section
indicating that these functions should be memoized
/*@desc prob-ignore */ to be put after predicates (e.g., in PROPERTIES) which
should be ignored by ProB
when the preference USE_IGNORE_PRAGMAS is TRUE
/*@file PATH */ associates a file for machines in SEES, INCLUDES, ...
put pragma after a seen or included machine
/*@package NAME */ at start of machine, machine file should be in folder NAME/...
NAME can be qualified N1.N2...Nk, in which case the machine
file should be in N1/N2/.../Nk
/*@import-package NAME */ adds ../NAME to search paths for SEES,...
NAME can also be qualified N1.N2...Nk, use after package pragma
/*@generated */ can be put at the top of a machine file; indicates the machine
is generated from some other source and should not be edited
.mch for abstract machine files .ref for refinement machines .imp for implementation machines .def for DEFINITIONS files .rmch for Rules machines for data validation
Basically, ProB tries to be compatible with Atelier B and conforms to the semantics of Abrial's B-Book and of Atelier B's reference manual. Here are the main differences with Atelier B:
- tuples without parentheses are not supported; write (a,b,c) instead of a,b,c
- relational composition has to be wrapped into parentheses; write (f;g)
- parallel product also has to be wrapped into parentheses; write (f||g)
- trees are not yet fully supported
- the VALUES clause is only partially supported
- definitions have to be syntactically correct and be either an expression,
predicate or substitution;
the arguments to definitions have to be expressions;
definitions which are predicates or substitutions must be declared before first use
- definitions are local to a machine
- for ProB the order of fields in a record is not relevant (internally the fields are
sorted), Atelier-B reports a type error if the order of the name of the fields changes
- well-definedness: for disjunctions and implications ProB uses the L-system
of well-definedness (i.e., for P => Q, P should be well-defined and
if P is true then Q should also be well-defined)
- ProB allows WHILE loops and sequential composition in abstract machines
- ProB now allows the IF-THEN-ELSE and LET for expressions and predicates
(e.g., IF x<0 THEN -x ELSE x END or LET x BE x=f(y) IN x+x END)
- ProB's type inference is much stronger than Atelier-B's, much less typing predicates
are required
- ProB allows identifiers consisting of a single character
- ProB allows to use the Event-B relation operators <<->, <->>, <<->>
- ProB allows multi-line strings and supports UTF-8 characters in strings,
and ProB allows string literals written using three apostrophes ('''string''')
- ProB allows a she-bang line in machine files starting with #!
(If you discover more differences, please let us know!)
See also our Wiki for documentation:
Also note that there are various differences between BToolkit and AtelierB/ProB:
- AtelierB/ProB do not allow true as predicate; e.g., PRE true THEN ... END is not allowed (use BEGIN ... END instead) - AtelierB/ProB do not allow a machine parameter to be used in the PROPERTIES - AtelierB/ProB require a scalar machine parameter to be typed in the CONSTRAINTS clause - In AtelierB/ProB the BOOL type is pre-defined and cannot be redefined
ProB is best at treating universally quantified formulas of the form !x.(x:SET => RHS), or !(x,y).(x|->y:SET =>RHS), !(x,y,z).(x|->y|->z:SET =>RHS), ...; otherwise the treatment of !(x1,...,xn).(LHS => RHS) may delay until all values treated by LHS are known. Similarly, expressions of the form SIGMA(x).(x:SET|Expr) and PI(x).(x:SET|Expr) lead to better constraint propagation. The construction S:FIN(S) is recognised by ProB as equivalent to the Event-B finite(S) operator. ProB assumes that machines and STRING values are encoded using UTF-8.
Please help us to improve this documentation by providing feedback in our bug tracker, asking questions in our prob-users group or sending an email to Michael Leuschel.